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Man. --- Sleep.

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Attention. --- Behavior. --- Conditioning. --- Eeg. --- Learning. --- Perception. --- Sensation. --- Sleep.

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Melatonin, a hormone produced in the pineal gland and released into the general circulation on a diurnal basis, has been implicated in many behavioral processes, where it has been shown to have anxiolytic, sedative, and anticonvulsant effects. Male gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) injected daily with melatonin (25 mu g, s,c.) exhibited a reduced seizure response to pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, 60 mg/kg, s.c.). The present studies determined 1) whether melatonin's effect was related to the time of day that it was administered and 2) whether a single acute injection of melatonin at various doses could produce anticonvulsant activity. Gerbils provided with 13 weeks of daily melatonin injections (25 mu g, s.c,) exhibited fewer convulsions after PTZ treatment irrespective of the time of day melatonin was injected. In addition, the melatonin-treated gerbils had lower mortality rates (1/12) than the untreated or vehicle-injected gerbils (5/12). On the other hand, single acute injections of melatonin (0.1-10 mg/kg, i.p,) produced no anticonvulsant activity. It appears that the anticonvulsant effects of melatonin occur only after the animals are chronically exposed to the indole. In addition, melatonin's anticonvulsant ability may utilize a different mechanism than those involved in its endocrine effects, since no diurnal difference in melatonin's anticonvulsant activity was observed

Ability. --- Activity. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Anxiolytic activity. --- Boxes. --- Brain. --- Endocrine. --- Epilepsy. --- Gerbil. --- Gerbils. --- Gland. --- Hormone. --- Human. --- Implants. --- Induced gonadal regression. --- Injections. --- Male. --- Melatonin. --- Meriones unguiculatus. --- Meriones-unguiculatus. --- Mice. --- Mortality. --- Mouse. --- Pentylenetetrazol. --- Pineal. --- Response. --- Seizure. --- Seizures. --- Sleep. --- Time. --- Treatment. --- Unguiculatus.

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To determine if bedding has any influence on the time horses spend recumbent, 8 horses kept on straw and 8 kept on wood shavings were observed from 10:00 PM to 5:30 AM for two successive nights. Observations were conducted using time-lapse video recordings. Lying down and rising behavior, as well as frequency and duration of bouts spent in lateral and sternal recumbency, was registered. The results showed that horses on straw were lying in lateral recumbency three times longer than horses on shavings (P < .001), whereas the time horses spent in sternal recumbency did not differ. The longest period of noninterrupted lateral recumbency was longer for horses on straw than for those on shavings. Because horses must lie down, preferably in lateral recumbency, to achieve paradoxical sleep, the reduced time spent in lateral recumbency in horses on wood shavings may affect their welfare and performance. Independent of the bedding, we further observed that, as the horses got up from recumbency, most of them made attempts to roll over before rising. This behavior appeared to be caused by some difficulty in rising, possibly due to the box size, and might have a connection with the fact that horses sometimes get stuck against the box wall

Bedding. --- Behavior. --- Boxes. --- Budgets. --- Deprivation. --- Duration. --- Equus-caballus. --- Frequency. --- Horse. --- Horses. --- Kept. --- Lying down. --- Lying. --- Observation. --- Patterns. --- Performance. --- Pony. --- Recumbency. --- Rest behavior. --- Rhythm. --- Size. --- Sleep. --- States. --- Straw. --- Time. --- Video. --- Wakefulness. --- Welfare.

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Social isolation can induce psychological behavior changes. It is interesting to know whether there is sex difference in responding to social isolation or not. The present study compared the behavior difference between male and female mice isolated for 1-4 months. The results showed that the isolated male mice had higher accounts of locomotor activity than the isolated female and group-housed ones. Both isolated male and female mice spent shorter time in the dark box than the group-housed mice in the light/dark test, and isolated male mice spent less time in the closed arms than isolated female and group-housed mice when isolated for 2, 3 and 4 months in the elevated plus-maze test. These results suggest that isolation induce an anxiolytic-like effect. The immobile time in the forced swimming test was shortened in male mice isolated for 1 and 2 months. Both isolated male and female mice showed shorter time in pentobarbital-induced loss of righting reflex and less body weight gain. These results demonstrated that there was a sex difference in psychological behavior changes in mice undergoing social isolation and the male mice were more easily affected by isolation. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Activity. --- Antidepressant. --- Anxiety. --- Anxiolytic-like. --- Behavior. --- Behavioral despair. --- Benzodiazepines. --- Body weight. --- Body-weight. --- Boxes. --- Elevated plus maze. --- Elevated plus-maze test. --- Elevated plus-maze. --- Female mice. --- Female. --- Induced decrease. --- Involvement. --- Isolation stress. --- Isolation. --- Light/dark test. --- Locomotor activity. --- Locomotor-activity. --- Long-term. --- Male-mice. --- Male. --- Mice. --- Model. --- Pentobarbital sleep. --- Pentobarbital-induced sleeping time. --- People. --- Reflex. --- Review. --- Righting. --- Sex difference. --- Sex. --- Sexes. --- Social isolation. --- Social-isolation. --- Social. --- Swimming. --- Test. --- Time. --- Weight gain. --- Weight. --- Wistar rats.